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(AP) -- Opponents of abortion and race-based affirmative action have had more setbacks than victories so far this political season as they try to place measures with a strong pull for conservative voters on the ballots of numerous states this November.

At least five of the proposals have failed, and others face legal challenges. However, a proposal to ban most abortions already has made South Dakota's ballot, and several of the other measures could ultimately advance -- including two in the potential swing state of Colorado.

The pending measures are the product of two separate multistate campaigns, one mounted by anti-abortion activists who want to define human life as beginning at fertilization, and the other led by California businessman/activist Ward Connerly, who opposes affirmative action programs based on race and gender.

Connerly has prevailed three times in past elections, with voters in California, Michigan and Washington approving proposals banning government-sponsored race and gender preferences in public education, state hiring and public contracts.

Connerly targeted five states with similar measures this year, but the campaign already has suffered two defeats -- conceding that too few signatures would be gathered by the deadline in Missouri, and bowing out in Oklahoma in the face of challenges to the signatures gathered there.

Connerly blames harassment and political conniving for the setbacks; his critics contend the petition campaigns were rife with fraud and deception.

Signature-gathering is in progress for Connerly's measures in Nebraska and Arizona. His allies already have submitted more than enough signatures in Colorado, although opponents have challenged nearly 69,000 of them.

Connerly, who is of mixed racial background, contends that the historic Democratic presidential race between Hillary Rodham Clinton and Barack Obama proves his contention that racial and gender preferences are no longer justifiable public policy.

''The argument for it is that society is racist and sexist, and that argument is totally collapsing,'' Connerly said. ''We should go to socio-economic affirmative action ... but don't put race into the equation.''

Supporters of the so-called Human Life Amendment -- which would define ''personhood'' as beginning with fertilization -- initially targeted four states this year. But the proposal failed to clear a legislative committee in Georgia and was rejected on technical grounds by state officials in Oregon.

On Tuesday, however, backers of the proposal in Colorado announced they had gathered well over the required number of signatures to get it on the November ballot. Signature-gathering for a similar measure is under way in Montana.

The anti-abortion community is divided over the measures, partly on strategic grounds. The National Right to Life Committee has not endorsed them, nor have Roman Catholic leaders in Colorado and Montana.

Supporters embrace the measures as a frontal assault on Roe v. Wade, the 1973 Supreme Court ruling that established a nationwide right to abortion. They expect any voter-approved Human Life Amendment to be challenged by abortion-rights backers, triggering a legal battle that might lead to the Supreme Court.

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